Three modern techniques offer widely used solutions. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and optical emission spectrometry (OES) can be used without specialist analytical training to rapidly and accurately analyze bullion, jewelry, and alloys. A variation of OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES),is an ideal tool for the analysis of bulk materials such as ores, and for the determination of trace impurities.
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